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肆、單一精子注入豬卵

  單一精子注入卵(Intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)是體外受精方式之一項新技術。解凍後存活的卵常會有透明帶變硬現象,致體外受精時精子無法鑽過透明帶,進入到卵細胞質中去完成受精作用。為克服解凍卵透明帶變硬的障礙,需改利用單一精子注入卵質的體外受精技術。精子注入豬卵時所用的注入針外徑為10um,注入卵發生卵碎裂的情形有9.7%而有4.9%發生細胞質溢漏,不受注入影響的完整卵有85.4%(35/41)單一精子注入的豬卵經體外培養48小時後,有17.6%9/51)的注入卵發育成雙細胞胚。體外成熟與體內成熟卵經單一精子注入後之雙細胞胚發育率分別為13.3%(4/30)23.8%(5/21)兩者間並無差異(P>0.33)

卵透明帶的硬化

  卵母細胞是一種巨大型細胞,因此在冷凍和解凍過程裡,忍受溫度的改變而不致於影響到其自身後續的發育和受精是冷凍研究的瓶頸。卵因冷凍和解凍而致使其細胞內在的微細胞器會產生異位現象,諸如細胞骨幹和分裂中的紡錘絲之移位、細胞質顆粒的移動和聚集、以及卵透明帶的硬化(Gianfortoni and Gulyas, 1985; Vincent and Johnson, 1992; George et al., 1994; Van Blerkom and Davis, 1994; Wu and Lee, 1996)人卵子銀行的建立時,冷凍卵的透明帶會有硬化現象,但Porcu et al. (1997)採用單一精子注入卵細胞質方法於解凍後存活卵上,產下第一例的新生兒。畜產卵子銀行的建立時也會有冷凍卵的透明帶硬化現象,藉由單一精子注入卵細胞質方法,或許也可以增加解凍後存活卵之受精率與發育率。

精子鑽入卵的系列性步驟

  哺乳動物的精子和卵之結合,端賴精子是否有能力去粘附於卵丘細胞層、去穿入透明帶、去通過卵細胞膜、以及產生原核融合等系列性步驟。豬卵透明帶厚度約有16um和含有30~35ng蛋白質(Dunbar, 1983)豬透明帶的醣蛋白是酸性醣蛋白,經加熱至70數分鐘後,可被軟化而融解開,依其分子量大小而有ZP1ZP2ZP3Nakano et al., 1987a)。ZP1在受精時會被進一步分切成碳端醣蛋白的ZP2和氮端醣蛋白的ZP4兩部份(Hedrick et al., 1987; Hatanaka et al., 1992)因此,豬ZP1易受蛋白酵素(Proteases)分解,而ZP3則否Nakano et al., 1987b, 1989)。由於ZP3的胺基結構不會和螢光染色劑FITC(Fluorescein isothiocyanate)結合,但ZP1的胺基會和FITC結合,所以透過螢光染色法證實ZP1是分布於豬卵透明帶的外層,而ZP3則分布於內層(Hatanaka et al., 1988)根據Harris et al. (1994)Hedrick (1996)在人和鼠卵透明帶醣蛋白基因之研究,透明帶醣蛋白基因有三,並依基因序列大小分類為ZPAZPBZPC基因,其基因產物依

 

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序為ZP2ZP1ZP3但豬的ZPA基因產物是ZP1,而其分解物為ZP2ZP4;至於豬ZPBZPC基因產物則分別是ZP3alpha鏈和beta鏈。ZP3是和精子粘附的主要醣蛋白(Wassarman, 1990)ZP2是由ZP1分解而來的,其功能是給有頭帽反應精子粘附的次級醣蛋白(Hasegawa et al., 1994)

  頭帽完整的小鼠精子會先和透明帶上的ZP3結合,而產生頭帽反應(Bleil and Wassarman, 1983)穿入透明帶且已有頭帽反應的小鼠精子會和其中的ZP2結合,待首批精子通過透明帶後,其透明帶會發生硬化現象(Zona hardening)阻止其他精子的繼續穿透,達到防止多精入卵的效果(Bleil et al., 1988; Moller and Wassarman, 1989)豬卵透明帶上的各類醣蛋白均可和精子粘合,並誘發豬精子的頭帽反應(Berger et al., 1989a,b; Yurewicz et al., 1991; Fierro et al., 1994)不過,豬和牛的受精過程裡以卵透明帶的ZP1和有頭帽反應的精子一結合後,就會促使透明帶有硬化現象,以阻止多精入卵(Hatanaka et al., 1992; Noguchi et al.,994)Cox(1992)利用有卵丘細胞包被著的牛卵、綿羊卵、豬卵和小鼠卵來測試已獲能作用的乳牛精子,發現13.2的豬卵透明帶上鑽有乳牛精子,而僅有0.8的豬卵細胞質中有牛精子鑽進。Tsubamoto et al.1996)更應用豬透明帶醣蛋白ZP1的基因序列,透過大腸桿菌來遺傳工程合成一種醣蛋白,是有198個胺基酸組成的氮端醣蛋白r-pZP1(198)Tsubamoto等人把這種醣蛋白和豬、人、兔、天竺鼠、小鼠等五種已有頭帽反應的精子一起共培養18小時後,發現粘附的位置可由精子的頭、頸至尾部逐漸擴大,表示豬卵透明帶具有讓其他種動物精子粘附的結構,有可能讓有些粘附在透明帶的精子有機會去穿入透明帶。

ICSI的用途

  精子去粘附於卵丘細胞層、去穿入卵透明帶、去通過卵細胞膜、以及原核融合等步驟,當改以單一精子直接注入卵細胞質中時,就只有剩下原核融合步驟。單一精子注入卵因而是體外受精方式之一項新技術。家畜中,牛(Goto et al., 1990)與兔(Hosoi et al., 1988)已經由單一精子直接注入卵細胞質後孕育成仔畜。Kim et al. (1998)把豬圓型精細胞(round spermatid)注入卵後,卵未經活化刺激,其在注入後15小時發生兩原核融合的比率有13%(7/52)進一步利用豬精子注入方式來求證豬受精卵分裂所需的中心粒,證實中心粒是卵所有而非源自精子。這樣一來,精子的使用將不必限定在型態分化完成的射精精子,也可以使用更早期的分化中的精子(Palermo et al., 1995; Silber et al., 1995; Goto et al., 1996; Tesarik et al., 1995, 1996)如此一來,畜產種原的復育上有人工生殖技術協助的話,將可使那些受精力差的種公畜會較容易有後代(Goto, 1993; Catt and Rhodes, 1995; Catt, 1996)

 

 

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ICSI步驟

  新鮮精液以速保精(中化製藥,台北)溶液稀釋兩倍,藉以減低精子濃度。經稀釋後的精子,再以300g重力離心 5 分鐘,並以體外受精用培養液稀釋到2×106/ml濃度備用。單一精子注入豬卵的步驟乃參照derzwalmen et al.1996的報告,所使用的注入針外徑介於7~10um內徑約有5.5~8.0um先以外徑30um大的吸針,把稀釋精液做成一小滴,稱為甲小滴,近靠欲被注入的卵小滴。在甲小滴旁也把精子定止液先做成另一小滴,稱為乙小滴。精子定止液是低滲透壓液100 ml的水中溶有0.735 g Sodium Citrate 1.351 g Fructose精子在此溶液中會發生末端尾巴捲曲成圈,致精子泳動緩慢進而停止。因此在注入前,才自甲小滴吸取一些精子移入乙小滴中,使精子泳動緩慢進而停止,此時再吸取單一精子,移到卵小滴內,進行精子注入細胞質步驟。豬卵有第一極體者才選為單一精子注入用的卵。單一精子要注入豬卵之前,先以吸針固定體外成熟卵並讓第一極體在水平的左上側,再以吸有精子的玻璃針刺穿卵透明帶與卵膜,並把單一精子注入豬卵細胞質中,注入精子後慢慢地抽出玻璃針。

cgcp91.jpg (10217 個位元組)

單一精子被注入針吸住,正待被注入到豬卵。

豬精子注入針外徑

  豬精子的頭寬為4.20+0.46 um頭厚度為 1.52+0.18 um與頭長為 8.94+0.41 um體外成熟卵經玻璃針刺穿其透明帶後注入單一精子到卵細胞質,注入卵有59.1(81/137)仍保持完整,而有21.2(29/137)的卵在抽

 

 

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  出玻璃針後發生碎裂,其餘的19.7%(27/137)卵則呈現卵細胞質溢漏和卵膜破裂情況。比較精子注入豬卵時所用的注入針外徑對被注入精子的豬卵的型態,當注入針外徑為25um時,卵完整數的比率僅有37.7%而注入針外徑再縮減為15um時,卵完整數的比率有60.5%當再縮減為10um外徑的注入針,發生卵碎裂的情形有9.7%而有4.9%發生細胞質溢漏,不受注入影響的完整卵有85.4%欲提昇豬卵於注入精子後的細胞完整性,豬單一精子注入卵細胞質內的吸精子玻璃針外徑以10um者較佳。Vanderzwalmen et al.1996建議ICSI時使用的注入針外徑介於7~10 um內徑約有5.5~8.0 um較佳。

ICSI豬卵的發育

  Catt and Rhodes (1995) 指出豬卵被注入精子前後,豬卵不必經活化刺激也能因而受精孕育成胚。Dellaquila et al. (1997) 比較體外成熟的馬卵經體外受精或精子注入方式之後續發育結果,精子注入的卵孕育成胚的機率是體外受精者的三倍。

  利用外科回收發情母豬體內成熟的卵,以及經體外成熟培養44小時的卵,再以外徑介於7~10 um內徑約有5.5~8 um的注入針,來進行單一精子注入卵細胞質。單一精子注入後的豬卵在恆溫培養箱培養48小時。先以外觀評估為雙細胞期的胚,再以螢光染色劑Hoechst 33342溶液來染胚葉細胞的細胞核(Pursel et al., 1985; Wu et al., 1997)螢光顯微鏡的激光濾光片為BP 340-380 nm 和吸光濾片為430 nm胚經Hoechst 33342染色液滴上,蓋上蓋玻片,置於37培養箱或恆溫工作台,經五分鐘後以螢光顯微鏡來鏡檢細胞核數目,細胞核呈紫藍色螢光。單一精子注入的豬卵經體外培養48小時後,有17.6%9/51的注入卵發育成雙細胞胚。應證Catt and Rhodes (1995)之報告所述,被注入精子前後的豬卵不必經活化刺激也能因而受精孕育成胚。體外成熟與體內成熟豬卵精子注入後之雙細胞胚發育率分別為13.3%(4/30)23.8%(5/21)兩者間並無差異(P>0.33)目前美國與德國畜產研究單位已可以用鐳射儀來分離牛精液中的X精子和Y精子,分離所得的X精子或Y精子供單一精子注入牛卵用,生產指定性別的仔牛(Medvedev et al., 1997)因此,結合精子鐳射分離技術、卵的體外成熟和單一精子注入豬卵的體外受精技術,養豬場想要每一頭母豬僅生產母仔豬,亦可實現。

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